Zheng J, Lu W, Wang C, Xing Y, Chen X, Ai Z. Galectin-3 induced by hypoxia promotes cell migration in thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8:101475–88. Pectin organization and composition in plant primary cell wall depend on the growth state of the plant, on the tissues and on the plant species. Its synthesis is a complex process involving numerous enzymes that are just becoming to be identified ( Atmodjo et al., 2013). Biological Activities of Oligogalacturonides in Plants Colon carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that results from disruption of the balance between proliferation of colonocytes at the base of the crypt and loss of colonocytes at the luminal surface due to apoptosis. Most colon cancer cells become resistant to apoptosis, hence promoting tumor growth. Chemoprotection may arise if luminal colonocyte sensitivity to apoptosis is restored. Schwartz’s team first showed that in rats, a pectin rich diet, compared to a standard diet, favored the expression of caspase-1 in luminal colonocytes from colon crypts and increased cleaved PARP level in basal and luminal colonocytes. The expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 is on the other hand higher in rats with standard diet ( Avivi-Green et al., 2000c). They then demonstrated that the activation of apoptosis due to the pectin rich diet had protective effects and diminished the number and the size of tumors in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Colonocytes of rats nourished with pectin presented a high activity of caspase-1 and expressed pro-caspase-3 at a higher level, with a higher level of cleaved PARP. Pectin per se may induce apoptosis since the viability of cells exposed in culture to different pectin-derived oligosaccharides is decreased. Olano-Martin et al. (2003) evidenced that when colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells were incubated in the presence of pectin oligosaccharides during 3 days, an increase in apoptosis, in DNA fragmentation and in caspase-3 activity was observed. This is also true for cells from other types of cancer: Attari et al. (2009) demonstrated that concentrations of 100 μg/ml to 1 mg/ml of pectic acids induced apoptosis in rat GH3/B6 pituitary tumor cells in a concentration dependent way while concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml induced necrosis. DNA fragmentation which was directly proportional to the number of apoptotic cells was observed ( Attari et al., 2009). In combination with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil, pectin also demonstrated chemoprevention in a colon cancer model of rats injected with azoxymethane. This was associated with a decrease in Bcl-2 expression due to promoter methylation ( Cho et al., 2012) as well as to changes in the expression profile of mRNA implicated in and of miRNA targeting canonical oncogenic signaling pathway ( Davidson et al., 2009; Cho et al., 2011; Shah et al., 2011).

Modified Citrus Pectin: Your Guide to Benefits, Risks, and Usage

Micrometastasis that transforms into clinically relevant secondary tumors eventually comes to depend on the development of new blood vessels via angiogenesis, the fifth and final rate-limiting step in metastasis. Galectin-3 promotes angiogenesis by serving as a chemoattractant for endothelial cells and inTake 6 capsules daily, (3 capsules, twice daily) with liquid on any empty stomach or as recommended by your healthcare practitioner. This product is designed to be taken on an empty stomach, at least 30 minutes before or 2 hours after food, or 2 hours either before or after other supplements or medications.

the right modified citrus pectin Size matters: the role of the right modified citrus pectin

Cho, Y., Turner, N. D., Davidson, L. A., Chapkin, R. S., Carroll, R. J., and Lupton, J. R. (2012). A chemoprotective fish oil/pectin diet enhances apoptosis via Bcl-2 promoter methylation in rat azoxymethane-induced carcinomas. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 237, 1387–1393. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012244 Ohkami, H., Tazawa, K., Yamashita, I., Shimizu, T., Murai, K., Kobashi, K., et al. (1995). Effects of apple pectin on fecal bacterial enzymes in azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86, 523–529. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02429.x The antioxidant capacity was measured with an Antioxidant Assay Kit (NJJCBIO, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. In the assay protocol, ABTS is oxidized to green ABTS + under the action of appropriate oxidant, and the production of ABTS + will be inhibited in the presence of antioxidants. The total antioxidant capacity of samples can be determined and calculated by measuring the absorbance of ABTS + at 405 nm. Cell transfection Chauhan, D., Li, G., Podar, K., Hideshima, T., Neri, P., He, D., et al. (2005). A novel carbohydrate-based therapeutic GCS-100 overcomes bortezomib resistance and enhances dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res. 65, 8350–8358. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0163Firstly, we found that MCP suppressed the survival of TAM with a higher inhibitory effect in hypoxia than in normoxia. This indicated that MCP exhibited promising cytotoxicity toward hypoxic macrophages. Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment. TAM accumulates at high density in hypoxic areas of tumors and responds to hypoxia by secreting cytokines that promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis [ 18, 19]. However, several studies have shown that TAM in the area near tumor blood vessels with sufficient oxygen supply may play a beneficial role because TAM in these areas is associated with a favorable prognosis [ 1, 20]. Therefore, targeting TAM in the hypoxia region without affecting TAM in the normoxia region would be a potential therapeutic strategy. MCP reduced prostate cancer cell viability and synergistically enhanced cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation The inflammatory mediators (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, osteopontin, cd68, cd80, cd44, and cd45) were elevated in spontaneously hypertensive rats and attenuated by MCP The next rate-limiting step in metastasis involves tumor cell arrest in distant organ microvasculature. Galectin-3 has been shown to mediate metastatic cell adhesion to the endothelium [ 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. MCP was demonstrated to inhibit tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium as well as cancer cell homotypic aggregation involved in metastatic cell arrest in distant organs and the formation of intravascular metastatic deposits [ 59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68].

Anti-cancer activities of pH- or heat-modified pectin Frontiers | Anti-cancer activities of pH- or heat-modified pectin

Rhamnogalacturonan-I makes about 20–35% of pectin. RG-I is a family of pectic polysaccharides whose main chain is a repetition of disaccharides composed of galacturonic acid and rhamnosyl bound [→4)-α- D-Gal pA-(1→2)-α- L-Rhap-(1→]. The Gal p residues forming the main chain can be O-acetylated in C-3 or C-2 but are usually not linked with monomers or lateral chains. According to the plant species, about 20–80% of the rhamnosyl residues are substituted with neutral or acidic oligosaccharide chains on the carbon C4 of rhamnosyl residues. The most frequent lateral chains contain α- L-arabinofuranosyl (Ara f) and/or galactopyranosyl (Gal p). These lateral chains (arabinans, galactans or arabinogalactans) may be linear or branched (Figure 1). MCP prevents post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage blood-brain barrier disruption possibly by inhibiting Gal-3, of which the mechanisms may include binding to TLR4 and activating ERK1/2, STAT3, and MMP-9Vegetarian Capsule (hypromellose,water), stearic acid, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose Xu, C., Zhang, J. S., Mo, Y., and Tan, R. X. (2005). Calcium pectinate capsules for colon-specific drug delivery. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 31, 127–134. doi: 10.1081/DDC-200046990 In 1825, a French chemist and pharmacist, Henri Braconnot, who was an expert in the extraction of active components from plants, was the first to discover a heteropolysaccharide with gelling properties which he named “pectic acid” (in ancient Greek πηκτικóς meaning coagulant). Avivi-Green, C., Polak-Charcon, S., Madar, Z., and Schwartz, B. (2000c). Dietary regulation and localization of apoptosis cascade proteins in the colonic crypt. J. Cell. Biochem. 77, 18–29. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(20000401)77:1<18::AID-JCB3>3.0.CO;2-1 Zhang, L., Cao, F., Ding, B., Li, Q., Xi, Y., and Zhai, G. (2011). Eudragit(R) S100 coated calcium pectinate microspheres of curcumin for colon targeting. J. Microencapsul. 28, 659–667. doi: 10.3109/02652048.2011.604436