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Factors Affecting Carrageenan Yield and Production

The most commonly used sources are Eucheuma cottonii, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Eucheuma spinosum, which together provide about three-quarters of the world production. [ citation needed] These grow from the sea surface to a depth of about 2m (6.6ft). The seaweed is normally grown on nylon lines strung between bamboo floats, and it is harvested after three months or so, when each plant weighs approximately 1kg (2.2lb). European Food Safety Authority, FSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), 2018 Search PubMed; M. Younes, P. Aggett and F. Aguilar,

Gel strength was determined using the method described by Lee et al. [ 50]. In brief, 100 mL of hot κCar solution dissolved in 1.5% ( w/ v) water containing 0.2 g of KCl was poured into a Petri dish with 30 mm diameter and 21–22 mm depth and then allowed to gel at room temperature for 15 h. Gel strength was measured by the load (g/cm 2) causing a cylindrical plunger (1 cm 2 cross-section) to suddenly break the gel. While valid, these concerns are primarily based on a form called poligeenan, which, unfortunately, early studies did not distinguish between carrageenan and degraded carrageenan – or poligeenan. 4 Poligeenan is not approved for use as a food additive. Siegner, C. (2016,November 18). Board nixes use of carrageenan in organic food population.Retrieved from FAO Agar and Carrageenan Manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1965-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-10.Marbling: the ancient art of paper and fabric marbling uses a carrageenan mixture on which to float paints or inks; the paper or fabric is then laid on it, absorbing the colours

The presence of epiphytes in seaweed production is a common occurrence, but they can become a significant issue that reduces seaweed productivity ( Lüning and Pang, 2003; Vairappan, 2006; Hurtado et al., 2007). Sargassum polycystum is one of the most common epiphytes attached to seaweed thalli, exacerbating biomass loss in coastal farms ( Aslan et al., 2020). Several other epiphytes isolated from the K. alvarezii seaweed included Entheromorpha intestinalis, Ceramium sp., Neosiphonia apiculata, Chaetomorpha crassa, Hypnea sp., and Gracilaria sp. ( Mulyaningrum et al., 2019). It has been demonstrated that epiphytes cover the surface of seaweed thalli, considerably reducing nutrient absorption ( Wakibia et al., 2006; Vairappan et al., 2007). According to Aeni et al. (2019), the combined effects of “ice–ice” disease and epiphyte development decreased the growth rate during K. alvarezii cultivation in southeast Sulawesi. Mulyaningrum et al. (2019) compared healthy seaweed to infected seaweed and discovered that healthy seaweed had a higher carrageenan yield and gel strength than infected seaweed. In many cases, the epiphyte was more prevalent and occurred more frequently in conjunction with “ice–ice” disease ( Vairappan et al., 2007, 2010; Eranza et al., 2017).Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. The viscosity of κCar solution at 75 °C was determined using a Brookfield DV-C Viscometer operating at 50 rpm with spindle #62. (Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA). In brief, 1.5% ( w/ v) κCar solution (in distilled water) was prepared by boiling in a microwave oven for 8 min. The hot solution was then placed in a 75 °C water bath pot insulated for 30 min [ 51]. Apparent viscosity was measured using a Brookfield Synchrolectric Viscometer (USA) as described by Zhao et al. [ 52].