a b c Olson, Elizabeth (February 17, 2004). "Beyond Delicious, Chocolate May Help Pump Up Your Heart". The New York Times . Retrieved July 5, 2008. Cocoa usually refers to a drink made with cocoa powder, hot milk or water, and sweetened to taste with sugar (or not sweetened at all). [23] The first chocolate drink is believed to have been created by the Maya around 2,500–3,000 years ago, and a cocoa drink was an essential part of Aztec culture by 1400AD, by which they referred to as xocōlātl. [2] The drink became popular in Europe after being introduced from Mexico in the New World and has undergone multiple changes since then. Until the 19th century, hot chocolate was used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases. a b Cabrera, Maryanne (January 27, 2018). "sokolate (Filipino Hot Chocolate)". The Little Epicurean . Retrieved December 13, 2018. Baggott, MJ; Childs, E; Hart, AB; de Bruin, E; Palmer, AA; Wilkinson, JE; de Wit, H (July 2013). "Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers". Psychopharmacology. 228 (1): 109–18. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0. PMC 3672386. PMID 23420115.

a b c d McGavin, Jennifer (April 4, 2017). "Kakao oder Heisse Schokolade". the spruce . Retrieved July 9, 2017.In Germany, hot chocolate made by melted chocolate ( Heiße Schokolade Wiener Art) is distinguished from those made from powders ( Trinkschokolade). [27] It is often served with whipped cream on top. [27] In the Philippines, the native hot chocolate drink is known as tsokolate. It is made from tabliya (or tablea), tablets of pure ground roasted cacao beans, dissolved in water and milk. Like in Spanish and Latin American versions, the drink is traditionally made in a tsokolatera and briskly mixed with a wooden baton called the molinillo (also called batidor or batirol), causing the drink to be characteristically frothy. Tsokolate is typically sweetened with a bit of muscovado sugar and has a distinctive grainy texture. [40] [41] Because sugar was yet to come to the Americas, [4] xocōlātl was said to be an acquired taste. What the Spaniards then called xocōlātl was said to be a drink consisting of a chocolate base flavored with vanilla and other spices that was served cold. [6] [7] The drink tasted spicy and bitter as opposed to sweetened modern hot chocolate. [4] As to when xocōlātl was first served hot, sources conflict on when and by whom. [4] [7] However, José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described xocōlātl as:

Poncelin, Pamela. "Culinary Ambassadors: Breakfast in France". Serious Eats . Retrieved July 10, 2017. The flavonoids found in the cocoa that makes up hot chocolate also have a positive effect on arterial health. A particular study performed by the National Institutes of Health partially supported by Mars Chocolate company showed high amounts of improvement in blood flow after drinking a flavanol-rich cocoa drink. [45] In the study, the subjects (27 people ages 18 to 72) drank a cocoa drink containing 900 milligrams of flavonols every day, which resulted in an improvement in blood flow and the function of endothelial cells that line blood vessels. [45]a b c d e f g h i Burleigh, Robert (2002). Chocolate: Riches from the Rainforest. Harry N. Abrams, Ins., Publishers. ISBN 0-8109-5734-5. In Peru, hot chocolate can be served with panettone at breakfast on Christmas Day, even though summer has already started in the southern hemisphere. [39] In addition, many Peruvians will add a sweet chocolate syrup to their drink. [38]

Johnson, Dorothy (December 6, 1942). "Hot Chocolate is Historical Mexican Drink". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 15, 2017. Paajanen, Sean (February 6, 2019). "An Abridged History of Hot Chocolate: Its Changes Over the Years". The Spruce Eats. Hot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate grated or chopped into small pieces and stirred into milk with the addition of sugar.

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Billet, Felisa (October 23, 2009). "Warming up to real hot chocolate". USA TODAY . Retrieved December 20, 2009. In Mexico, hot chocolate remains a popular national drink, often including semi-sweet chocolate, cinnamon, sugar, and vanilla. [35] Hot chocolate of this type is commonly sold in circular or hexagonal tablets [35] which can be dissolved into hot milk, water, or cream, and then blended until the mixture develops a creamy froth. A 1942 article in the Chicago Tribune describes Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate as being traditionally served alongside a variety of sweet Mexican pastries, [36] such as pan dulce or churros.

a b c The Nibble (2005–2008). "Some Like It Hot: Hot Chocolate & Hot Cocoa Mixes: An Overview". Lifestyle Direct, Inc . Retrieved July 15, 2008. Further information: History of chocolate Silver chocolate pot, France, 1779. [3] Victoria and Albert Museum, London.Chocolate Houses". Cadbury Trebor Bassett. 2008. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008. In further studies conducted by Dr. Norman K. Hollenberg, professor of medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School found that flavonols may also help vessels dilate and help keep platelets from clustering on the blood vessel walls. [45] Flavonoids found in hot chocolate are beneficial to health mainly because they shield the walls of blood vessels from free radical damage. [46] Flavanols are also thought to help reduce blood platelet buildup and can balance levels of compounds called eicosanoids, which may be beneficial to cardiovascular health. [46] See also [ edit ] Bonneville, Marguerite. "Can Chocolate Benefit Your Health?". Open Kitchen. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012 . Retrieved June 27, 2008.