As a result of both the dry and moist transport processes described above, Antarctic continent surface temperatures warm more with CO 2-doubling when Antarctic orography is flattened (recall Figs. 2 and 3). The Arctic is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50cm (20in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40°C (−40°F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68°C (−90°F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [9] [10] The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification. [11] We present evidence that during 1979–2021 the Arctic has been warming nearly four times as fast as the entire globe. Thus, we caution that referring to Arctic warming as to being twice as fast as the global warming, as frequently stated in literature, is a clear underestimation of the situation during the last 43 years since the start of the satellite observations. At a regional scale, areas in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean have warmed even up to seven times as fast as the globe (Fig. 1c). We compare the simulated AA with observations using two approaches. In the first approach, we extract all possible AA 43 ratios for the 43-year periods starting from 1970 and ending by 2040 from all four climate model ensembles. Accordingly, there are 29 43-year periods in total, which are overlapping partly with each other (1970–2012, 1971–2013, ..., 1998–2040). The time window of 1970–2040 was chosen to avoid the nearly ice-free climate conditions later in the 21st century, the comparison of which with the currently-observed values would be meaningless. The starting year 1970 reflects approximately the time when the recent period of sustained global warming has started 79. All possible 43-year time windows were considered because the internal climate variability in the models is not expected to be in phase with the real climate system. Using all realizations and the 29 different 43-year periods gives us an opportunity to assess in total 11020 simulated AA 43 ratios (29 periods x 380 realizations), with a sample of 1044 in CMIP5, 5626 in CMIP6, 2900 in MPI-GE, and 1450 in CanESM5. The probabilities are calculated as the number of simulated AA 43 equal to or greater than the observed AA 43, divided by the total number of simulated AA 43 ratios. For the CMIP6 ensemble, the probability has been calculated first for each model separately, then taking the average across the models. This gives a weight of 1 for each model.

Lenton, T. M.; Held, H.; Kriegler, E.; Hall, J. W.; Lucht, W.; Rahmstorf, S.; Schellnhuber, H. J. (2008). "Inaugural Article: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (6): 1786–93. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.1786L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705414105. PMC 2538841. PMID 18258748. The wireless dongle is actually a wired one instead of the USB drive-style dongle in most other wireless headsets. The dongle has a 3.4-foot USB Type-A cable, and the bottom of the unit has a PC/PlayStation switch and a pairing button. The Arctis 9 comes paired with the wireless dongle out of the box, making the unit mostly plug-and-play. I plugged it into my PC and was off to the races, no software installation required. Pauluis, O., Czaja, A. & Korty, R. The global atmospheric circulation in moist isentropic coordinates. J. Clim. 23, 3077–3093 (2010).Our results demonstrate that climate models as a group tend to underestimate the observed Arctic amplification in the 1979–2021 time period, i.e. since the beginning of the recent period of global warming. This is also true for the latest CMIP6 models despite the fact that some of these models better reproduce the absolute warming rate in the Arctic. However, those models that show plausible Arctic warming trend typically have too much global warming as well when compared to observations. In contrast, those models that simulate global warming close to that observed, generally have too weak Arctic warming (Fig. S 9). Thus, our results show that most climate models are unable to simulate a fast-warming Arctic simultaneously with weaker global warming, as found earlier for the relationship of Arctic sea ice decline and global atmospheric warming 34. Most strikingly the underestimation was true for the CMIP5 and MPI-GE ensembles, which altogether included only three realizations simulating as high AA as observed in 1979–2021. These results, i.e., lower AA in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models compared to the observations, are consistent with earlier studies 38, 40, 41. Nevertheless, we also found that the discrepancy in AA between climate models and observations is smaller when calculated over longer periods, such as 1950–2021 (Fig. 4). The observed four-fold warming in the Arctic fits poorly in the spread of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi-model ensembles (Fig. 3). Compared with the observed AA 43 in 2021 (3.8), the CMIP5 ensemble-mean AA 43 (2.5) and CMIP6 ensemble-mean (2.7) are underestimated by 34% and 29%, respectively (Fig. 3a, b and S 5b). However, the observed AA 43 reflects both the forced response to external forcing as well as the internal climate variability on the multi-decadal timescales considered here. Instead, in the ensemble mean of the climate models, the internal variability of climate system has been effectively averaged out, and thus the ensemble mean reflects only the models’ response to the external forcing. For this reason, comparing the observations only to the ensemble mean may be misleading, and therefore, the observed AA 43 needs to be put into context of the envelope of simulated AA 43. A paleontologists Alaskan adventure". New Scientist. 9 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 30 March 2022. Sejas, S. A., Taylor, P. C. & Cai, M. Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 1, 1–9 (2018).

The physical mechanisms behind the underestimation of AA in climate models remain unknown, but may be related to, e.g., errors in the model sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing and in the distribution of the forced heating between the atmosphere, cryosphere and the ocean, and in different heights/depths in the atmosphere/ocean. Moreover, internal variability or uncertainties in observations may also contribute to the difference in AA between climate models and observations. The presence (or absence) of the polar cell determines how meridional temperature advection responds to CO 2-doubling over the high Southern latitudes. When Antarctic orography is at present-day height, the temperature advection response is northward in the lower troposphere (Fig. 7a, c, colors), as warm temperature anomalies are advected away from the Antarctic continent by the lower branch of the polar cell. When Antarctic orography is flattened, on the other hand, the meridional temperature advection response is towards the continent (i.e., southward; Fig. 7b, d, colors) in the lower troposphere, as warmer boundary layer air from areas where sea ice has retreated is more readily advected poleward when the polar cell is absent. Neale, R. B. et al. The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully coupled experiments. J. Clim. 26, 5150–5168 (2013). Walsh, K., Simmonds, I. & Collier, M. Sigma-coordinate calculation of topographically forced baroclinicity around Antarctica. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean. 33, 1–29 (2000). Reich, Katharine (15 November 2019). "Arctic Ocean could be ice-free for part of the year as soon as 2044". phys.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 . Retrieved 3 September 2020.Flanner, M., Huang, X., Chen, X. & Krinner, G. Climate response to negative greenhouse gas radiative forcing in polar winter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 1997–2004 (2018). Abrupt Climate Change Focus Of U.S. National Laboratories". Science Daily. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2018. McGraw, M. & Barnes, E. Seasonal sensitivity of the eddy-driven jet to tropospheric heating in an idealized AGCM. J. Clim. 29, 5223–5240 (2016). The Arctic includes copious natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and, if the subarctic is included, forest) to which modern technology and the economic opening up of Russia have given significant new opportunities. The interest of the tourism industry is also on the increase.

Bintanja, R., Graverson, R. & Hazeleger, W. Arctic winter warming amplified by the thermal inversion and consequent low infrared cooling to space. Nat. Geosci. 4, 758–760 (2011).

How does the SteelSeries Arctis 9 Wireless sound?

Mechoso, C. The atmospheric circulation around Antarctica: linear stablity and finite amplitude interactions with migrating cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2209–2233 (1980). The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c. 2500 BCE. AST consisted of several Paleo-Eskimo cultures, including the Independence cultures and Pre-Dorset culture. [17] [18] The Dorset culture ( Inuktitut: Tuniit or Tunit) refers to the next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BCE. With the exception of the Quebec/ Labrador peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE. [19] Supported by genetic testing, evidence shows that descendants of the Dorset culture, known as the Sadlermiut, survived in Aivilik, Southampton and Coats Islands, until the beginning of the 20th century. [20] Egger, J. Topographic wave modification and the angular momentum balance of the Antarctic troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 327–334 (1992).

Deser, C., Tomas, R., Alexander, M. & Lawrence, D. The seasonal atmospheric response to projected Arctic sea ice loss in the late twenty-first century. J. Clim. 23, 333–351 (2010). The Edmonton Journal (9 April 2006). "Northwest Passage gets political name change". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2015.Salzmann, M. The polar amplification asymmetry: role of Antarctic surface height. Earth Syst. Dyn. 8, 323–336 (2017).